A policeman’s first obligation is to be responsible to...

A policeman’s first obligation is to be responsible to the needs of the community he serves†¦The problem is that the atmosphere does not yet exist in which an honest police officer can act without fear of ridicule or reprisal from fellow officers. We create an atmosphere in which the honest officer fears the dishonest officer, and not the other way around., -Frank Serpico. Frank Serpico was born on April 14, 1936, in Brooklyn, New York. When he was eighteen, he selected in the U.s. Equipped compel and served for two years in Korea. After military organization, he worked low support and went to class, joining the New York City Police Department at the age of twenty-three. Frank Seperico transformed into a New York City cop in 1959 and†¦show more content†¦As a result of his confirmation before the requisition, Serpico was segregated by his associates and, numerous accept, eventually set up to be shot throughout a medication strike in which he was genuinely injured and his kindred officers did not call for help. He survived, yet lost his listening ability in his left ear. Questions continue to be asked about police association in the shooting of Serpico yet no charges were brought and a police examination discovered no confirmation of a trick. In the interim, gossipy tidbits coursed that the Mafia had put out an agreement on his life as a consequence of a wire tap on a Mob telephone grabbing the remark that, the cop with the whiskers in The Village was gonna be hit. After twelve years of administration, it was the ideal time for Serpico to quit being a cop. Scorned by his kindred officers, He formally resigned on fifteenth June 1972 on an unimportant benefits of $12,000 and headed straight to Europe. On the off chance that he had never been known about again, his notoriety may have been limited to New York where his was a family unit name, a by-word for legit policing. At that point Hollywood came calling. He came back to the States in the e arly 1980s and has been existing quietly in the mountains of New York State, contemplating and addressing, and imparting encounters to cops who are right now experiencing comparative encounters. Frank

Answers on Questions Regarding the Relationship between...

1) Till this day corporal punishment remains a widely used technique of discipline. It is a form of physical punishment which involves inflicting pain on another individual deliberately as a punishment for an offence, disciplining a wrongdoer or deterring a behavior which is considered to be unacceptable. Corporal punishment may occur in the homes, schools or judicial settings. (Donnelly Murray, 2005) One of the greatest debates that are surrounding corporal punishment is whether it should be used or not while raising a child. Those who are against this form of punishment claim that it teaches children to become more aggressive and that studies have shown that spanking leads to negative behaviors in children including antisocial behaviors, moral internalization and inappropriate behavior. They argue that corporal punishment is demeaning and humiliating and leads to greater problems rather than solving smaller ones. (Stacks, Oshio, Gerard Roe, 2009) Proponents believe it is a quick, cheap way to end undesired behavior and that despite what studies show it does not lead to more aggression. When opponents claim that corporal punishment leads to abuse, research in this area has not shown a strong link between the two so far. The fact is that though some use this form of punishment more severely than others it does not mean it should not be used at all. From the article it can be seen that it was the temperament of the infant that led to an aggressive behavior ratherShow MoreRelatedChild Protections and Safeguarding-Case Study1541 Words   |  7 PagesIt may be argued that the notion of child abuse is socially constructed, in other words the definition changes over time and it may even be different from one culture/country to the next, it is ‘a product of a particular culture and context and not an absolutely unchanging phenomenon’ (Corby, 1993, p.39). For example, in the UK in the 1980’s there were four types o f abuse, in 1988 there were five and in 1991 they were back to four. For example, work into child protection emerged in the 1960’s andRead MoreTuning in1661 Words   |  7 PagesDirect Observation with Child C I have decided to use Taylor and Devine’s (1993) model of tuning in which will look at the general category of the client, the specific client, the phase of work and my own feelings. I felt it more appropriate to use this model of tuning in as this is not my initial meeting with Child C. First Level: General Category of the Client Child C is a seven year old boy. It is important at this stage of my intervention to be aware of the issues regarding the ways in whichRead MoreManaging Your Child’S Media Use In Three Easy Steps. It’S1638 Words   |  7 Pagesthat? What is one supposed to make of constantly changing information regarding healthy media habits? 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The researchers sought to determine six adverse experiences forRead MoreChild Maltreatment Has A Serious Public Health Problem Essay1518 Words   |  7 PagesChild maltreatment has been a serious public health problem not just in the United States but globally. Malt reatment is defined as neglect which means failure to provide for a child’s basic physical, educational, or psychological needs. Physical abuse such as causing physical harm, sexual abuse, abuse that includes fondling a child’s genitals or breasts, and psychological abuse, such as verbal put-downs and other behavior that terrorizes, threatens, rejects or isolates the child. â€Å"According to theRead MoreRap Music : Hip Hop Essay1509 Words   |  7 Pagesattempt to imitate or recreate the music that hip hop inspires. Hip hop raises a plethora of ideas, such as what true effects does hip hop have on the people that listen to it? 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This research will be on violence in the media and does it affectRead MoreWhy Do We Assign Violence A Gender?1323 Words   |  6 PagesMaisie McGregor Discursive Essay - Draft One Why do we assign violence a gender? â€Å"How can we affect change in the world when only half of it is invited or feel welcome to participate in the conversation?†Ã¢â‚¬â€œ Emma Watson - UN Women Goodwill Ambassador, speaking at the UN Headquarters in New York on 20th September 2014 Imagine this – you’re lying on the bloodstained living room carpet in your flat in North London. Your partner has just stabbed you in the back of your thigh with a breadknife, followingRead MoreFamily Conflicts And Child Social Development1481 Words   |  6 PagesToronto PSY311H1 Summer 2017 Social Development Instructor: Hali Kil Research Proposal Family conflicts and child social development ï ¿ ¼Student Name: U of T Student ID: Date of submission: WONG Yuk Lun Anthony 1002162072 June 7, 2017 1. 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Care Of Patients Health And Social Care Essay Free Essays

string(137) " is besides used in many nursing schools, which demonstrates the relation between theory and pattern in nursing \( Roper et al 2000 \) \." In this assignment, I shall choose a patient from my arrangement, this will be backed with a principle for my chosen patient. This will besides do reference of the importance epidemiological information, within this I will show an apprehension of the aetiology of common long term conditions. I will exemplify the nursing model used and physical, psychological and societal appraisal of my selected patient. We will write a custom essay sample on Care Of Patients Health And Social Care Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now In relation to the appraisal this will besides include the needed attention of patient being discussed. I have selected a patient from a South London Healthcare Trust. In order to keep confidentiality anonyms have been used to protect the patient ‘s individuality. The ( NMC ) emphasises that we as nurses, must esteem people ‘s rights to confidentiality CHECK ( 2008 ) . Mr B is 51-year-old adult male. He works as a bricklayer on a edifice site. He has two boies whom are aged 21and 25. He is separated from his married woman who is the biological female parent to his two boies, and now has a new spouse. His avocations are ; reading, socializing, and disbursement clip with his boies. Mr B is a really pleasant gentleman who enjoys his life, and makes the most out of it. Mr B admitted to gorging on intoxicant occasionaly. Mr B became dependent on intoxicant, and was diagnosed with alcoholic liver disease in 2006. After go toing many support groups, which helped him a great trade, he became clean and free of intoxicant dependence. Sadly, his Dendranthema grandifloruom lost her conflict to malignant neoplastic disease his Dendranthema grandifloruom. Intelligibly, Mr B found this difficult to cover with, and accordingly turned to alcohol as a header mechanism. Epidemiology I feel that alcoholic liver disease ( ALD ) is going progressively common in acute infirmary scenes, this may be due to the immense addition in orgy imbibing. Harmonizing to ( NHS Clinical Knowledge Summaries, intoxicant abuse in England is prevailing, 33 % of which are work forces, and 16 % of adult females, which may hold damaging affects to their wellness. ( EBP ) . I believe my chosen subject will assist both my hereafter practise and my ain apprehension of ( ALD ) . ( ALD ) is highly common in England. Approximately 90-100 % of people who drink the exceeded recommended bound have alcoholic fatty liver disease ( National Health Services Choices 2009 ) . These statistics single-handedly are highly high, which accordingly means that Mr B is immense hazard of roll uping ( ALD ) . It is known that every bit much 1 in 5 people who drink, will develop liver cirrhosis ( NHS Choices 2009 ) . Immediately this places Mr B at an unmeasurable hazard of roll uping liver cirrhosis, as he was chiefly admitted to hospital with inordinate ingestion of intoxicant. It has been found that work forces are more likely dice from liver disease, this may be because their intoxicant consumption is much greater than adult females. However, this demonstrates that Mr B ‘s hazard of mortality is going peculiarly refering. The mortality rate of alcoholic liver disease has risen by over two-thirds ( 69 % ) in the past 30 old ages, which makes intoxicant one of the most common cause of decease, together with high blood force per unit area, and smoke. This is a significantly high addition in the figure of deceases related to alcoholic liver disease. Subsequently, this contributes to many factors associating to Mr B ‘s alcoholic liver disease, it is evident that his mentality is highly hapless harmonizing to these statistics. Evidence has been found that there is a high prevalence in developing liver cirrhosis in people age 40 or over. Furthermore, as Mr B is over the age of 40, which indefinitely shows he is a high hazard of developing liver cirrhosis. As there is a high prevalence of grownups who consume intoxicant in ( U.K ) , every bit much 90 % ( REF ) . This entirely does non stand anybody in good position, allow entirely Mr B as he has a history of intoxicant abuse. There appears to be a immense spread in recognition of the day-to-day benchmark, and if people measure there alcohol units ( National Statistics 2006 ) . Mr B ‘s deficiency of instruction demonstrates that is unable to construe how much he is advised to imbibe, which may hold led to his inordinate imbibing. 1 in 16 people are admitted to hospital with intoxicant related unwellnesss ( ref2 ) It is known that greater intoxicant consumed, the higher hazard of unwellness, such as oesophageal malignant neoplastic disease, which increases significantly one time the intoxicant consumption exceeds more than 3 drinks per twenty-four hours ( NICE/Health Development Agency 2005 ) . Mr B ‘s old consumption of intoxicant indicates that may be a possible hazard to oesophageal malignant neoplastic disease. This presents a secondary hazard to him as he already has ( ALD ) . Q.1 Assessment Any intervention and care given must be given with the patient ‘s ain demands and penchants should be taken into history. A patient with an acute unwellness should be made cognizant that they have the right to do informed determinations about the attention that receive, together with their health care professionals. However, if a patient does non hold the mental capacity to do determinations themselves ( Department of Health 2001 ) . Nursing is to advance wellness, mending, growing and development, and to forestall disease, unwellness, hurt, and disablement. When a individual becomes sick or handicapped, nursing is guaranting that a individual ‘s hurt and agony is kept to a lower limit, and enable people to grok and to cover with their unwellness or disablement, its intervention and effects. When decease is foreseeable, the rule of nursing is to guarantee that the best quality of life is maintained until its terminal ( 2003 ) . An appraisal is a methodical, purposeful and synergistic procedure that strengthens every characteristic of nursing attention ( Heaven A ; Maguire 1996 ) . This is where a both nurse and patient indentify the patient ‘s demands and anxiousnesss, whereby individualized attention is given. Roper-Logan-Tierney theoretical account specifically for nursing is widely used in pattern throughout the United Kingdom, it is besides used in many nursing schools, which demonstrates the relation between theory and pattern in nursing ( Roper et al 2000 ) . You read "Care Of Patients Health And Social Care Essay" in category "Essay examples" Although all 12 Activities of day-to-day life ( ADL ) are every bit of import when measuring a patient, I shall merely do reference of a few due to the limited sum of words. Mr B Obs Initially B ‘s external respiration was absolutely within normal scope. However, as his status deteriorated his external respiration was compromised. It was inevitable that he required O therapy, to assist help his external respiration. In order for his lungs to have sufficient sum of O ( o2 ) , it was of import he was sat vertical. His respiratory rate was 35 breaths per minute. The deepness was hapless, which was apparent due the fact of the attempt he used to take a breath in and out. Royal Marsden CHECK It is cardinal that patients observations are obtained on the initial appraisal or at the clip of their admittance, which will assist place any important alterations their observations. ( Nice 2007 ) . Elimination is another activity of day-to-day life, which I felt was compromised. Mr B had a urine catheter, to help him with go throughing piss, and so we could detect his end product closely. Fluid balance is critical when a patient is acutely ailing, it is of import that this is observed ( ref ) . Mr B was able to travel to the lavatory independently on admittance to infirmary. As he became acutely ailing, this became more of a battle, and he was unable to make this himself. I felt his self-respect was compromised due to his illness/condition deterioration. However, I managed to keep this to the best of my ability, esteeming his self-respect throughout my clip caring for him. The Nursing and Midwifery Council ( NMC ) emphasises that we as healthcare professional must handle people who we care for as persons and esteem their self-respect ( 2008 ) . This meant that he was unable to extinguish independently, which accordingly diminished his independency. In order for Mr B to recover his mobility, we had to chiefly handle his ( ALD ) , so he could so reconstruct this. Harmonizing to ( NMC ) It is critical that we support people in our attention, guaranting they care for themselves, in order to heighten and keep their wellness ( 2008 ) . I felt that Mr B ‘s mobility was another ( ADL ) which was doing a immense concern. As Mr B was in the acute stage of his ( ALD ) he became encephalopathy, which caused his mobility to diminish ( ref ) . His reduced mobility was holding a knock on consequence on his independency, doing him to go farther down and withdrawn. Mr B ‘s physical wellbeing was doing a immense concern. His hepatic brain disorder induced by the harm to his liver, which depleted his mobility. Hepatic brain disorder is a neuropsychiatric, whereby the liver has been harm due to inordinate imbibing. In hepatic encephalopathy ammonium hydroxide is non being converted into carbamide, which should usually be excreted by the kidneys, accordingly it so enters the systemic circulation ( Zimmaro A ; Sawchuk, 2004 ) . Ref med n surg Consequently to Mr B holding alcoholic liver disease, he had oesophageal varices. This is whereby a composite of Byzantine venas at the inferior terminal of the gorge, are enlarged and swollen as a consequence of the portal high blood pressure. If left untreated Mr B may be capable to an oesophageal or stomachic variceal rupture, which may do hypovolemic daze ( ref ) . HB As Mr B has portal high blood pressure, this means he is a high hazard of a Gastrointestinal bleed ( GI Bleed ) . A ( GI ) bleed is where portal high blood pressure occurs when there is an obstructor in the intra- or extrahepatic circulation ( REF ) . Psychologically I feel that Mr B ‘s physical demands were been depleted due to his chronic condition/illness. On admittance to infirmary, Mr B was highly malnourished, dehydrated and presented with self-neglect, which was provoked by his overly imbibing. Harmonizing to Maslow ( 1943 ) , these are all basic physiological demands. Mr B had late lost his Dendranthema grandifloruom to malignant neoplastic disease, which led to imbibing intoxicant overly. He felt he ne’er grieved decently, or spoke to anyone about his loss. I feel that this was a important contributing factor to his backsliding. Ref bereaves ) . Prior to his mourning he had been clean and free of intoxicant. Attending a support groups for alkies, such as alcoholic anon. may hold prevented his backsliding * ( REF ) . Consequently, this may hold helped him to get by with the loss of his Dendranthema grandifloruom, and assist beef up his ability to get the better of his alcoholic dependence. Mr B feels that he is socially excluded from society as he has been unable to work due to his illness/condition. As a nurse, it is cardinal that I help in back uping him, so he feels included in society, which may be done so by reffering him to an occupational healer. ( OT ) consume Whilst measuring Mr B, he disclosed that when he was turning up his pa consumed intoxicant overly. He feels that this had a immense impact on him, act uponing him follow his pa behaviour. It is known that if a people have parents ‘ who misuses intoxicant, so they have greater hazard of following these traits ( ref ) . Preventive steps will assist ease Mr B in act uponing his kids from following his drinking civilization. Socio-economic background may hold immense deduction in the execution of the effects of inordinate ingestion of intoxicant. I feel that this may be a immense barrier for Mr B to hold on the constructs of the damaging effects of intoxicant abuse. As a health care it is critical that I simplify the possible long term wellness effects of inordinate intoxicant comsumption. ( Ref ) Q3.Required attention At present, there is no national service model ( NSF ) for liver disease patients. The primary attention trusts view in liver patients, is that they are non a immense precedence. Specialists stressed that liver patients are being left out on National Health Service ( NHS ) financess, which means that they will be at greater hazard ( REFFFBBC ) . However, there is National Institute Clinical ( NICE ) Guidelines in topographic point in order to assist supply quality attention to those enduring with ( ALD ) . Shaw et al indentified an assessment tool for patients enduring with intoxicant backdown, which establishes the badness of their backdown, and what appropriate intervention is required ( 1981 ) . The assessment tool used is the Clinical Institute Withdrawal Assessment for Alcohol Withdrawal ( CIWA-A ) , which is scored Mild-20.4, Moderate 24.2, and Severe 29. In regard to the appraisal tool, Mr B had a assortment of the typical backdown symptoms, which were ; shudders, sudating, hallucinating, and agitation, which meant he scored 20 gt ; .Nonetheless, this presented a important hazard, if left untreated may take to complications. Mr B was treated as per protocol, which is ; Librium is benzodiazepine minor tranquilizers drug, which is used for short-run anxiousness, and should non be used long-run ( bnf 2010 ) . Harmonizing ( NICE ) guidelines the protocol intervention for anxiousness is 10 mgs Three times daily ( TDS ) , and may increased if necessary to 60-100 mgs daily in divided doses. The dosing government is a fixed dosage, get downing on twenty-four hours one at 20-30milligrams ( MGS ) four times daily, twenty-four hours two 20-30mgs three times day-to-day, twenty-four hours two 20-30mgs twice daily, and twenty-four hours four 20-30mgs one at bedtime. There is besides a symptoms triggered dose as required ( PRN ) , this depends on the badness of the symptoms. Benzodiazepine acts on receptors in the cardinal nervous system ( CNS ) to originate the action of gamma-aminobutyric acid ( GABA ) , which is a neurotransmitter. ( GABA ) receptors have at least two benzodiazepine receptors, which are named BZ and BZ2, when stimulated they enhance the repressive action by the ( GABA ) ( Alan et al. 2004 ) As Mr B ‘s brain disorder was impacting his degree of consciousness, it was significantly of import that we carried out his neurological observations. Neurological observations is whereby an appraisal and rating of an person ‘s unity and map of an person ‘s nervous system ( Rowley A ; Fielding 1991 ) .CHECK WEB His status has meant that he is temporarily paralyzed, doing his musculuss to weaken, decreasing his physical strength. As a consequence he may potentially necessitate physical therapy. ( ref ) Education can be An probe that may be done to discourage if there is any obstructor in the portal venous system is an angiography, which establishes the cause and site of obstructor. It is besides critical that Mr B has an endoscopy, which will uncover gastro-oesophageal varices. It is of import that Mr B ‘s haemoglobin is closely monitored, this will bespeak if there is any signifier of bleed or obstructor ( Miller et al 2006 ) . PHARM Ascitess is another clinical manifestation of hepatic cirrhosis. It is where serous fluid is repeatedly produced in the peritoneal cavity.. This is when an accretion of fluid in the abdominal pit enters quicker than it can be returned to the circulation by the capillaries and lymphatics. If this is left untreated, the accretion of fluid will compromise Mr B ‘s critical variety meats, doing it hard for them to map. One of the mechanisms of ascites is hypoalbuminemia, whereby the liver is unable to synthesise albumen. It is of import this fluid is drained from the abdominal pit. There are two interventions which are used to run out this extra fluid. One is, an anti-diuretic called spriolactone, which is a loop water pill. Ref bnf This is done so by the interpolation of an ascitic drain. ref Anderson et al defines that the disposal of whole blood or any of its constituents into the blood stream, to rectify or handle any clinical abnormalcies ( 1994 ) . Mr B was given Human Albumin Solution ( HAS ) transfusion to modulate is hypoalbuminemia. Harmonizing to the ( BNF ) 20-25 % of concentrated solution of ( HAS ) may be used to obtain a diuresis in hypoalbuminaemic, it is of import whilst a patient receives this plasma replacement, their unstable balance is closely monitored ( 2010 ) . FBC REF Patients with alcohol-related liver disease are frequently malnourished, which accordingly has disadvantageous effects in their endurance ( Mendenhall et al.1984 ) KEISER MODEL As intoxicant abuse is going a immense load on the national wellness service ( 2000 ) . NICE guidelines stated that when such patients present themselves to hospital, it is of import that they are referred to the appropriate health care professional, which will guarantee they receive equal support ( 2010 ) . On admittance Mr B was referred to the intoxicant specializer nurse ( ANS ) , who deal with the intervention, after attention, and followup. Mr become nutritionally depleted as a consequence of his intoxicant liver diease, it was indispensable that was introduced some signifier of nutrition. ( Lechtenberg A ; Warner ) states that Nutritional support must be offered, and see implementing a nasogastric tubing eating ( NG ) ( 1992 ) . KIASER MODEL The Kaiser theoretical account is to assist guarantee that there is a strategic and systemic attack towards those with ( LTC ‘s ) . It focuses in instance direction on the most vulnerable people with ( LTC ‘s ) . Mr B degree of attention is disease specific direction, which is ( flat 2 ) , this encompasses tracts and protocols. As mentioned earlier in the assignment there is presently no ( NSF ) for people with alcoholic liver disease. However, there are ( NICE ) guidelines to help in supplying attention for people with ( ALD ) . Mr B was populating independently prior to his admittance, with no input from multidisciplinary squad ( MDT ) . Planing the discharge on Mr B meant I had to look at the wider facets of his illness/condition. I feel that the execution of societal services would be highly benifical to Mr B. A referral to a liver nurse specializer I feel that Mr B would profit from a support group such as alkies anon. , which may assist diminish his hereafter admittances to infirmary. The Alcohol Needs Assessment Research Project ( ANARP ; Department of Health, 2005 ) identifies three classs of alcohol-use upsets. The clinical grounds reappraisal showed that benzodiazepines were more effectual than placebo for the bar of craze tremens and intoxicant backdown seizures26. The mean cost for handling patients with AAW across all trusts in England and Wales was estimated to be ?219 per in-patient day181. Acute intoxicant backdown hypertext transfer protocol: //www.patient.co.uk/doctor/Alcohol-Related-Problems.htm barr A. Drink: a societal history London 1998? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ref orford j. inordinate appetencies: psychological position of dependences 2nd edition chichester: wiley 2001 hypertext transfer protocol: //www.nhs.uk/Conditions/Physiotherapy/Pages/How-does-it-work.aspx You must back up people in caring for themselves to better and keep their wellness Shaw JM, Kolesar GS, Sellers EM, Kaplan HL, Sandor P. Development of optimum intervention tactics for intoxicant backdown, I: appraisal and effectivity of supportive attention. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 1981 ; 8:382-389. British Medical Association and Royal Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain. British National Formulary. 58 erectile dysfunction. London: United kingdom: BMJ Group and RPS Publishing ; 2009. DO NOT REF BELOW hypertext transfer protocol: //books.google.co.uk/books? id=q4qMwXJm4iwC A ; pg=PR13 A ; dq=Roper+N+etal+ ( 1996 ) +The+elements+of+nursing+a+model+for A ; hl=en A ; ei=BPYDTfPxJoyU4gbfwsWTCg A ; sa=X A ; oi=book_result A ; ct=result A ; resnum=1 A ; ved=0CDMQ6AEwAA # v=onepage A ; q A ; f=false Fatty liver disease is reversible. If you stop imbibing intoxicant for two hebdomads, your liver should return to normal. Alcoholic liver disease is widespread in England. It is estimated that: 90-100 % of heavy drinkers have alcoholic fatty liver disease oneA in fourA drinkers with fatty liver disease will develop alcoholic hepatitis one in five drinkers with fatty liver disease will develop cirrhosis A heavy drinker is person who on a regular basis exceeds the recommended hebdomadal bound for intoxicant ingestion. This isA 3-4A units of intoxicant a twenty-four hours for work forces, andA 2-3A units for adult females. Womans are more likely to develop alcoholic liver disease, but work forces are more likely to decease from it, perchance because work forces tend to be heavier drinkers. In 2008, there were 4,764 deceases in England and Wales due to alcoholic liver disease. Three-fourthss ofA these were work forces. Death ratesA linked to alcoholic liver disease have risen by over two-thirds ( 69 % ) A in the lastA 30 old ages. This makes alcohol one of the most common causes of decease, along with smoke and high blood force per unit area. Fatty liver disease and hepatitis can develop at any age. Cirrhosis normally develops in people aged 40 or over.A However, instances of cirrhosis have been reported in people of all ages, including adolescents. NHS Clinical Knowledge Summaries, intoxicant abuse. hypertext transfer protocol: //www.cks.nhs.uk/patient_information_leaflet/Alcohol_misuse Aped hypertext transfer protocol: //www.statistics.gov.uk/CCI/nugget.asp? ID=1027 A ; Pos=1 A ; ColRank=2 A ; Rank=1000 Roper N etal ( 1996 ) The elements of nursing a theoretical account for hypertext transfer protocol: //www.nmc-uk.org/Nurses-and-midwives/The-code/The-code-in-full/ hypertext transfer protocol: //www.nice.org.uk/nicemedia/live/12995/48989/48989.pdf hypertext transfer protocol: //www.dh.gov.uk/prod_consum_dh/groups/dh_digitalassets/documents/digitalasset/dh_103161.pdf hypertext transfer protocol: //news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/health/2660977.stm Heaven C.M. A ; Maguire P. ( 1996 ) Training hospice nurses to arouse patient concerns. Journal of Advanced Nursing 23, 280AÂ ±286. International Council of Nursing ( 2007 ) www.ICN.ch/definition. Anderson, K.N. , Anderson, L.E. A ; Glanze, W.D. ( explosive detection systems ) ( 1994 ) Mosby ‘s medical, Nursing, and Allied Health Dictionary, 4th edition. Mosby, St Louis, MO. Galbraith, A, Bullock, S, Manias, E, Hunt, B A ; Richards, A92004 ) Fundamentalss of Pharmacology, Second Edition, Essex, Pearson Education Limited hypertext transfer protocol: //www.nice.org.uk/nicemedia/live/11810/35950/35950.pdf hypertext transfer protocol: //www.dh.gov.uk/prod_consum_dh/groups/dh_digitalassets/documents/digitalasset/dh_103653.pdf hypertext transfer protocol: //www.rcn.org.uk/__data/assets/pdf_file/0008/78569/001998.pdf hypertext transfer protocol: //qjmed.oxfordjournals.org/content/93/5/291.full Mendenhall CL, Anderson S, Garcia PP et Al. Short-run and long-run endurance in patients with alcoholic hepatitis treated with oxandrolone and Pediapred. New England Journal of Medicine. 1984 ; 311 ( 23 ) :1464-1470. Lechtenberg R, Worner TM. Entire ethanol ingestion as a ictus hazard factor in alkies. Acta Neurologica Scandinavica. 1992 ; 85 ( 2 ) :90-94 How to cite Care Of Patients Health And Social Care Essay, Essay examples

A New Outlook free essay sample

Diversity†¦ It’s a simple term that has endless significance. It justifies who we are and has an impact on our outlook on life. Although I’m fortunate to attend a school that possesses every resource and opportunity available, there’s a tremendous lack of diversity. This situation is adverse because we don’t experience the life-long lessons that will be remembered in years to come. My mom took a fourth grade teaching position at an inner city school in Milwaukee. With this job she waits in chaotic traffic every day, barely gets a lunch break due to students with behavioral issues, and has to find ways to prevent the kids from acting like zoo animals. She works 13 hour days, gets home late, falls asleep in exhaustion, wakes up and relives â€Å"the nightmare† all over again. I take note of how much this job wears my mom down day to day, and I find it hard to understand why she does it. We will write a custom essay sample on A New Outlook or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Questions keep repeating in my head: â€Å"Why does she do it? Why does she put herself through the stress?† After all, the pay is below average, and it costs a tank of gas every two days to get to and from work in our gas guzzling 1998 Suburban. So I asked her why. Her response to this question is when I realized why I look up to my mom, and why I aspire to be like her. â€Å"It’s not about the money,† she said. â€Å"It’s about doing anything I can to help these kids in need. They’ve never had someone in their lives to support and encourage them to be somebody. And to share something so meaningful like that with them†¦That in itself is the best reward imaginable.† Every week my mom came home with a new story to tell. â€Å"The kids steal anything that isn’t nailed down,† she said one day. â€Å"A few of the kids barely speak English. Most of the students are flunking even when I re-teach everything and try to help. Only eight parents showed up for parent-teacher conferences. Today my quietest student announced to the class how their family snuck over the border when he was five. Please don’t call my parents and tell them I didn’t behave today, I’ll be afraid to go home.† Then, my mom insisted I come visit her kids in Milwaukee. That’s one decision I’ll never regret. Meeting every one of those kids changed me. I saw things I had never seen before. Heard things I didn’t know fourth graders knew about. And learned things I didn’t know fourth graders could teach me. These kids have an unthinkable amount of potential, but no chance to go anywhere with it. Most of those kids won’t go to college, and many won’t make it out of high school. Their desperate need for attention nearly ended with me having a few broken bones. Excited to see me, they all attempt to hug me at once and end up tackling me. They ask everyday when I’m going to visit next, and it comforts me to give them that joy I see in their eyes. I realized these students don’t only look at my mother as their teacher, but also as mother figure. Or maybe the mother they never had. For Christmas, we gathered a few families to help donate money so we could give the kids a few presents. One girl said all she got last year was a couple chocolates, but she was grateful for them. This year we wanted to make a difference in their lives. The day I dropped off their bags filled with goodies on their wish list, their faces sparkled with an indescribable amount of joy. I never knew doing a deed so small would make such a difference. The kids gave us a million hugs, but nothing could describe their appreciation and excitement. The class still talks about their Christmas to this day. It wasn’t the day I asked why my mom why she did her job that changed my outlook on everything. But it was when I experienced her stories for myself. That’s the day I opened my eyes to the world out there and became who I am today. My mom’s perseverance to help those kids motivates me to do the same in any way I can in my future community. Diversity†¦ It’s a simple term that can change a person.

How to Compose Compare and Contrast Essay Outline

How to Compose Exceptionally Good Compare and Contrast Essay Outline Throughout the course of your education and career (if you choose to become a writer), you’ll have the opportunity to work on different writing assignments and, of course, essays are inevitable. The essay is a piece of writing that methodically analyzes and evaluates a topic or issue. That’s why there are different types of essays, used to discuss, analyze, evaluate, or compare different situations or subjects e.g. argumentative essay, cause and effect essay, and compare and contrast essay. Your ability to create an excellent paper depends on structuring a perfect outline. Throughout this post, I’m going to show you how to compose an outline for compare and contrast essay to get good grades (or positive feedback from the client) every time. Compare and contrast essay outline The easiest definition of compare and contrast essay that explore both the similarities and differences between two subjects by comparing or contrasting them. It’s very easy to mistake this style of essay writing for a simple comparison between some topics or subjects, but that’s not entirely correct. Always bear in mind that your essay has to serve a larger purpose and include the following: Demonstrate that one thing is superior to another Identify and clarify common misunderstandings Provide a new way of doing or understanding something State, elaborate, discuss something unknown Support every claim with facts and accurate, reliable sources When it comes to structuring the outline for this kind of essay, there are different methods you can follow depending on the organization. Point-by-point pattern (organization by criteria) This outline is primarily used to compare items or subjects that are almost similar or when you plan (or have to) evaluate only a few characteristics or criteria when comparing them. Use the diagram below to create the outline for the point-by-point pattern. Block pattern (organization by item) In instances when you have to compare items, situations, or topics that are entirely different or when there are multiple criteria to involve, the point-by-point pattern doesn’t function quite well. That’s why you should opt for block pattern or organization by item. Why? The reason is simple; the same criteria don’t apply to different topics, people, objects, events, and so on. When the essay requires a multitude of approaches to explore, it’s important to learn how to organize it properly in a bid to ensure easy reading. Create the outline based on the diagram below. Block pattern can be structured in a different manner as well. Instead of the separate paragraph for each point, you compare, you can set out one section to name their similarities and a second paragraph to analyze dissimilarities point by point. Now that you know how to create a functional outline, you’re ready to move on to the essay writing process. Introduction The intro for this kind of essay doesn’t differ much from other types. It’s the part where you introduce the overall subject of the piece and specific items, situations, or events you have to compare and/or contrast. As seen in diagrams, the introduction should feature: The mentioning of the main topic – begin with a hook sentence and detail specific to the topic itself. Your hook can be a quote, question, anecdote, anything you see fit for the particular subject you have to write about Specific subjects to compare and contrast – of course, you can’t start writing about similarities and differences between two items out of the blue. That’s why you should set out a sentence or two to mention specific topics you’ll compare under the central theme Thesis statement – it marks the tone of the essay and catches reader’s attention. Last sentence (or two) of your paper should account for a specific and concise thesis. There’s no need for wordiness in this part because thesis, as the entire introduction, shouldn’t be too long. Once you’re done with the intro, you’re ready to move on to the body paragraphs. Body paragraphs A total number of paragraphs in the body section depends on a number of aspects or criteria you have to discuss. For example, if you have to make a comparison between two different events through two aspects, you’ll need two paragraphs. Three criteria require three paragraphs, and so on. Sometimes, you’ll get the amount of aspects to use for comparison/contrast from your professor or a client, while in other instances, you’ll just have to determine the number yourself during the research process. When you get the title and aspects to compare but without a certain number of criteria to cover similarities and differences, you have to brainstorm. Take a blank piece of paper and write the first item in the left corner, the second item in the right corner. Make a Venn diagram and start analyzing. REMEMBER: Typically, you don’t need more than three aspects to cover, unless otherwise noted. When you start brainstorming and researching the topic, the chances are high you’ll find a wide array of differences and similarities. However, your essay has to be well-crafted, and you can’t include absolutely everything you find (that way you’d write forever). To determine what to compare or differentiate answer these questions: Is this relevant for my course? What matters to the argument I’m going to take (or I’m given)? What’s informative and interesting? What’s relevant to my assignment? Each paragraph in the body should start with a topic sentence (point 1, criterion 1/item A, B) focused on the aspect you’re about to compare/contrast. Then, you proceed with details you find when conducting research. Remember, just like in other types of essays, thorough research is highly relevant here, too. It’s not just about mentioning differences and similarities one by one and stating your opinion or argument about them. Every detail you find should be supported by substantial evidence, statistics, studies, official data, and so on. To show comparisons and emphasize the overall effect, don’t forget to use some connectors such as: At the same time, as well as Both Compared to Correspondingly In addition In the same way Just as Likewise Same as Similarly Of course, you can include connectors to express or heighten the contrasting effect. For example: Conversely Even though, although However In contrast Meanwhile Nevertheless On the contrary On the other hand Unlike For the best possible result and successful completion of the essay, the body paragraphs should be analyzed from the perspective of an independent analytic. Ideally, your paper shouldn’t be biased. You don’t want the reader of your paper to assume what item you prefer or despise automatically. Conclusion At this point, you have the introduction and body paragraphs, which indicates you’re ready to conclude the essay. Generally, this is the easiest part, but you should ensure it’s properly structured as well. Here’s what your conclusion should contain: Summary of main points – at the very beginning of this part, you should summarize the main points you’ve made throughout the essay. It’s important to synthesize your thesis with info in body paragraphs Evaluation – provide a short analysis of what you discussed in the paper or mention possible solutions. The approach depends on the nature of your subject Significance – not only do you have to clarify the importance of the main topic, but also mention the significance of comparisons or contrasts. How to do this? It’s not that difficult; answer the What was my goal in showing similarities/differences between these items? Your response indicates their significance. Post-writing stage You finished writing the paper, but your work isn’t over just yet. Before sending or submitting the essay, it’s necessary to proofread and edit the paper to eliminate all mistakes and unwanted parts. Proofreading isn’t only necessary for correcting typos or grammar, these seemingly unimportant errors that â€Å"everyone makes† break the reader from the flow of the paper and undermine its power of persuasion. When you finish the essay, read your work from top to bottom without doing anything. You’ll probably spot some mistakes, but don’t rush correcting them immediately. Then, start reading again and correct typos, grammar errors, and sentence constructions. Don’t resist the urge to rewrite some sentences for better effect. Nowadays, in the era of technology, you might feel tempted to download software (or find grammar/spelling checker online) and let it do the work for you. First of all, they aren’t always correct, and secondly, your critical thinking skills will improve only when you do it yourself. The software can be used as additional essay help. Another useful idea is to ask a family member or a friend to read the essay and see if they can spot some mistakes. You’re almost ready to submit your essay, check whether you included references (if not, do so) and you’re done. Bottom line Compare, and contrast essay is concerned with evaluating differences and similarities between given items or topics. It’s not just a mere comparison; the essay requires thorough evaluation and analysis supported by reliable data. This post explained how to create the outline properly, and all you have to do is to write according to the structure provided. Remember, once you create the structure and choose the adequate pattern (point-by-point or block), you just have to fill in the missing detail with results of your search.

How did Fidel Castro Take Down Batista Essay Example

How did Fidel Castro Take Down Batista Essay Example How did Fidel Castro Take Down Batista Essay How did Fidel Castro Take Down Batista Essay Castros Revolution Begins In July 1953, Castro led about 120 men in an attack on the Moncada army barracks in Santiago de Cuba. The assault failed, Castro was captured and sentenced to 15 years in prison, and many of his men were killed. The U. S. -backed Batista, looking to improve his authoritarian image, subsequently released Castro in 1955 as part of a general amnesty. Castro ended up in Mexico, where he met fellow revolutionary Ernesto Che Guevara and plotted his return. The following year, Castro and 81 other men sailed on the yacht Granma to the astern coast of Cuba, where government forces immediately ambushed them. The estimated 18 survivors, including Castro, his brother Ra?l and Guevara, fled deep into the Sierra Maestra Mountains in southeastern Cuba with virtually no weapons or supplies. Cuban leader Fidel Castro (1926-) established the first communist state in the Western Hemisphere after leading an overthrow of the military dictatorship of Fulgencio Batista in 1959. He ruled over Cuba for nearly five decades, until handing off power to his younger brother Ra?l in 2008. During that time, Castros regime was successful in reducing illiteracy, stamping out racism and improving public health care, but was widely criticized for stifling economic and political freedoms. Castros Cuba also had a highly antagonistic relationship with the United Statesmost notably resulting in the Bay of Pigs invasion and the Cuban Missile Crisis. The two nations have no formal diplomatic relations, and the United States has enforced a trade embargo with Cuba since 1960, when U. S. -owned businesses in Cuba were nationalized without compensation.

Health Outcomes and Vulnerable populations in the Northwest Region Essay

Health Outcomes and Vulnerable populations in the Northwest Region - Essay Example Most vulnerable population groups, copping strategies, adaptation strategies, and mitigation strategies in the region are discussed. Dada from the Centers for disease Control and Prevention suggest universal incidence of Cryptococcal disease in the Northwest region. In Oregon, for example, the disease has been reported since the year 2004 while Washington reported at least nine cases of the disease between the year 2006 and the year 2008. Data from the region also suggest lack of relationship between the infection in animals and that in human beings and therefore establishes uncertainty of demographic factors to incidence and spread. This is because while the disease was first detected in animals before detection in human beings in Washington, its incidence in Oregon was first detected in human beings (Datta, et al., 2009; Stinson, 2010). The disease is more prevalent among young people, as more than 65 percent of reported cases are among people below 30 years. West Nile Virus is however more prevalent among the elderly, especially those who are older than 50 years (Department of Health, 2013). Byrnes, ET al. (20 09) however argue that the reported cases of the infection in the region originated from Vancouver. Data on cryptosporidiosis also suggests its incidence in the entire region. Yoder, Wallace, Collier, Beach, and Hlavsa (2010) explain that the cases of the disease were reported in all regions in the years 2009 and 2010 and that the disease is more prevalent among children between 1 and nine years and between 25 and 29 years but more prevalent among children. The diseases are dependent on climate change and can therefore be managed through management of climate change. Strategies for mitigating climate change and for adapting to the change and copping with the change are therefore applicable. Coping strategies are short-term response measures to an occurrence and therefore defines immediate responses to

The coca-cola Company struggles with Ethical Crises Case Study

The coca-cola Company struggles with Ethical Crises - Case Study Example Coca cola Company, one of the most revered and common soft drink manufacturers in the world has had to deal with a number of ethical complaints against it. The company has had a number of influential business people serving various positions within its ranks, including Warren Buffet who served in the company’s board. In this paper, one out of a number of the ethical misdeeds raised against Coca Cola Company will be analyzed. In this analysis, the company’s response to the issues raised by the company and how it affected the success and operations of the business will be discussed. The economic and social impacts of the complaints against the company will also be discussed in line with differential business practices and response to ethical concerns (Jennings, 2011). Ethical concerns Just like any manufacturing company, coca cola has had a number of ethical challenges especially on their manufacturing and package practices. In 1999, the company was faced with one of the most dreaded ethical concern that arose after the safety of its products was questioned. The source of this questioning arose after thirty Belgian children developed health complications after consuming a wide range of the company’s products. This forced the company to react immediately by recalling its Belgian based products to enable them conduct tests to confirm the source of the illnesses (Jennings, 2011). ... This created a major public outcry with the media giving the company a lot of negative publicity. These developments forced the company’s management to give a detailed apology to enable them gain the public confidence that was forced fading. This was the end of the company ethical manufacturing practices as France followed suit and banned all products from the company after a number of coca cola consumers developed complications. Other products from the company like the coca cola water that was being supplied to Poland reported the presence of mould, fungi that are harmful to human health (Jennings, 2011). Coca Cola Company and the community Organizations today have more roles, not just to the stakeholders and the consumers but to the general population and the society. In this regard, Coca Cola Company has not been left behind in developing proper community based projects and serving in different roles as part of its corporate social responsibility. To enable the company rega in the trust of the community as a whole and recapture the mass consumers, especially those who migrated to other brands like Pepsi, the coca cola company have developed a number of programs that targets the community (Kesler, 2012). These projects are supported and coordinated by its philanthropic and community based wing known as the coca cola foundation. Through this foundation, the company is engaged in community development and environmental programs in different parts of the world, especially in countries where it operates its subsidiaries. It funded the education on wheel program in Singapore in which students were allowed to learn different historical developments in the country through interactive mobile visits. This program has been lauded for its ability to

34 of 34 Discuss interdiction, prevention, and treatment programs as Essay

34 of 34 Discuss interdiction, prevention, and treatment programs as components of the national drug strategy. Include a discussion of the effectiveness of each strategy - Essay Example Increase in drug prices reduces their consumption. The prevention action plan which is part of the national drug strategy aims at avoiding drug use among the youths. This is one through providing information about prevention to affected stakeholders such as parents, law enforcement authorities, educators, young people and the community. It also aims to achieve this through national campaigns against drugs and funding community projects for the same purpose (Gaines & Kappeler, 2008). This has been seen to be successful in reducing car accidents resulting from drug abuse as it is seen to reduce consumption of illicit drugs to considerable levels. Although it is not easy to get the exact number of how this has been successful, since the implementation of the prevention there has been a notable degree in use of drugs among the youths. Treatment as a strategy involves taking the people who are already addicted to drugs to drug rehabilitation center where they are helped in recovering through therapy and counseling. The national drug strategy supports the treatment plan and encourages the use of new collaborative an innovative strategies that will yield better results. This has been through funding territories and provinces to reinforce drug abuse treatment systems thereby increasing the access to drug treatment services to meet the high need. Treatment has been successful in turning around the lives of drug addicts who have collaborated and who are now able to live without dependency on the drugs. United States. (2005). Drug prevention programs and the fiscal year 2006 drug control budget: Is the federal government neglecting illegal drug use prevention? : hearing before the Subcommittee on Criminal Justice, Drug Policy, and Human Resources of the Committee on Government Reform, House of Representatives, One Hundred Ninth Congress, first session, April 26, 2005. Washington: U.S.

WikiLeaks: Ethics vs Execution

WikiLeaks: Ethics vs Execution WikiLeaks is a website which was founded in 2006 by the Australian Programmer Julian Assange, and its purpose ever since, has been to leak and expose illegal or immoral government actions around the world. WikiLeaks, however, is not a simple hacking group and through careful planning of the release of government documents, it has promoted slander on those who the members of WikiLeaks may not like, therefore unethically promoting a political agenda. However, not everything WikiLeaks has released is of bad taste; some of the documents, in fact, have shown the disgraceful actions which the governments of various countries have committed and tried to hide. This does not excuse the damage to political figures which are named in the released documents. Even though WikiLeaks exposes immoral government actions, this organization must be censored because it unethically promotes slander and harms political figures. WikiLeaks has shown that it wants to foist an anti-establishment opinion upon its readers by slandering and promoting slander against the government. The release of the Iraq War Logs in 2010 by WikiLeaks was very quickly condemned by the United States and United Kingdom who suggested the disclosures put lives at risk. (Karhula). The documents of the leak showed its readers that the government was hiding something from its people and while they were, it should not have been a serious scandal in war times. It should be known that wars have casualties and the files state that civilians in Afghanistan were killed but WikiLeaks promoted the concept that this was a serious issue which would encourage strong distrust and dislike of the government. The release of every secret document in the War in Afghanistan is not necessarily for the peoples benefit as it is a mistake to assume that revealing the entirety of what has been secret will liberate us (Ã…Â ½iÃ…Â ¾ek). While knowing how ones government operates can benefit participation in politics, it is detrimental to the people to know what horrible actions had to be made during a war. The information released by WikiLeaks is also not extraordinary, but rather confirmation of what many perceive the government as. The scandal around WikiLeaks released documents is false because much of the information revealed by WikiLeaks is not extraordinary or revolutionary (Eco 219). Torture and death, ubiquitous in the Iraq War logs and Afghan War Diary, is a subject which many people refuse to discuss even though it is used by the United States in a time of war. While many speak out against torture, it is still used on Americans and by Americans in Foreign countries during a war. The revelations of the WikiLeaks documents are nothing more than a confirmation and detailed explanation of how exactly the United States government and army acts during war. With the lack of truth to the WikiLeaks scandal, the [distribution] to major newspapers (Ludlow) makes it even worse as WikiLeaks promoted its philosophy through mainstream media. By doing this, WikiLeaks was essentially forcing anti-establishmentarianism upon its readers, and forcing a reaction from the government. The two possible reactions from the government would be an increase or decrease in security, which would slowdown efficiency or force the government to stop taking risks, both detrimental to the operation of the United States. Through WikiLeaks methods of releasing information and promoting an anti-establishment belief, it encourages that the United States people slander the governments name, in the hope that the government changes its policies of security. Even though some of the actions performed by WikiLeaks are unethical and detrimental to society, the ideology of freedom of information, is a reasonable and good-natured one. In March 2007, WikiLeaks released the Guantanamo prison camp standard operating manual for the United States military which revealed that some prisoners were placed outside of Red Cross allowed areas, even though the government denied this previously (Karhula). The release of the Guantanamo manual had beneficial implications as it encouraged a better understanding of war and foreign policy from United States citizens. The lie by the government shown by the Guantanamo manual gave insight into how the United States military operated. The release of the Guantanamo manual showed the United States public that there were lies in the government. Even though the Iraq War Logs and Afghan War Diary promoted unreasonable distrust, they both informed the public of the horror of war. The philosophy behind WikiLeaks releases follows hacktivist culture, which in philosophy, is beneficial as the political compass of these hacktivist groups has never pointed true right or true left (Ludlow). WikiLeaks promotion of freedom of information is not meant to sway someone one way or another, it is simply meant to inform and make the reader aware of the world and their government. Even though information may change ones political opinion, WikiLeaks is not trying to force one specific ideology. The leaks are meant to show that the government should not always be trusted, even though they encourage a complete disconnect from, or reconfiguration of the government. It is true that the government should not always be trusted, and the voting public of the United States should understand this. While WikiLeaks execution of releasing information is flawed, the major implication of WikiLeaks is that no government in the world will be able to maintain areas of secrecy if it continues to entrust its secret communications and its archives to the Internet or other forms of electronic memory (Eco 219) which may be beneficial. WikiLeaks is something of a warning to the governments of the world, saying that they cannot entrust secret information to the internet anymore. This fear of being hacked which WikiLeaks has instilled in governments should make them more secure and stronger. Who is to say a terrorist organization cannot hack the United States government like WikiLeaks has? While some may consider WikiLeaks a terrorist group, it is simply doing what a potential terrorist could do in the future without action. WikiLeaks release of information also encourages people to bring about a different functioning of power that might reach beyond the limits of representative democracy (Ã …Â ½iÃ…Â ¾ek) which can be beneficial to United States citizens. The representative democracy of the United States is currently limited in its true ability to represent people, somewhat due to the secrets which representatives could hold. The information released by WikiLeaks works to encourage a better society where people know and like their representatives in the government. While it is true that uprooting the current form of democracy is not going to happen any time soon, WikiLeaks is placing in the minds of its readers that the government is flawed and should be improved. This is not what most readers have gained from WikiLeaks, however, and it has not been successful. Even though WikiLeaks has a generally good philosophy and mission, the execution and results so far have proven to hurt individuals more than help the United States public. This can be seen in the initial reaction to the releasing of 251,000 State Department Cables which may have changed the world (Greenberg 3). Department Cables or telegrams are confidential text messages exchanged between members of foreign embassies and their parent country. The release of the State Department Cables and public reaction made it clear to the Obama administration that people were not in his favor. When Obama said that he would pull troops from Iraq, many believed this to be a reaction to the Iraq War Logs, and while it was good that soldiers would be returning, this may have been against Obamas free will as president. Because of the extreme backlash from the public on the Iraq war logs, the Obama administration was quick to distance itself from WikiLeaks (Thompson-Jones 287). As soon as the leaks ca me out and showed Obama in a bad light, citizens were fast to change opinions of him and this hurt his ability to function as president. While WikiLeaks did not directly attack Obama, the leaks of the United States government hurt him and caused diplomatic issues. Another more prominent instance of WikiLeaks harming a political figure is the Hillary Clinton email scandal. In March 2015, 55,000 pages of supposedly delated emails on a personal account were leaked by WikiLeaks (Thompson-Jones 284) While Clintons leaked emails were not of illegal nature, they distracted the public from her presidential campaign (Thompson-Jones 290) and hurt her image as she was running for president. The leaked emails displayed Clintons poor decisions in foreign policy and must have swayed the opinions of some who were going to vote for her. While WikiLeaks may have not had a direct agenda against Clinton, the leak provided people information against her and reason not to vote. The reason WikiLeaks had such an impact with little repercussions is because the it is almost completely anonymous. One of the most dangerous implications of anonymity is that of assassination politics: assassinating a political figure to achieve a political agenda (Greenberg 117). While Wi kiLeaks does not specifically promote assassination politics, the leaks can be used by anyone how is willing to go to that level. WikiLeaks has not been a direct cause of harm to politicians but it encourages direct harm with the methods it uses to leak information through the press and news stories. WikiLeaks seems to be a good idea, and on the surface, it is, but the implications and reactions to WikiLeaks are detrimental to the United States society and livelihood of some. Even though WikiLeaks should be censored, it most likely never will be, at least not completely. There are still thousands of hackers and whistle-blowers who will continue WikiLeaks if its founder is imprisoned. Word Count: 1616 Works Cited Eco, Umberto. Thoughts on WikiLeaks. Inventing the Enemy, Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, Boston, NY, 2012, pp. 217-222. Greenberg, Andy. Prologue. This Machine Kills Secrets: How WikiLeakers, Cypherpunks and Hacktivists Aim to Free the Worlds Information, Dutton, New York, NY, 2012, pp. 1-8. Karhula, PÃ ¤ivikki. What Is the Effect of WikiLeaks for Freedom of Information? FAIFE Spotlight, IFLA, 5 Oct. 2012, www.ifla.org/publications/what-is-the-effect-of-wikileaks-for-freedom-of-information. Ludlow, Peter. WikiLeaks and Hacktivist Culture. The Nation, Katrina Vanden Heuvel, 29 June 2015, www.thenation.com/article/wikileaks-and-hacktivist-culture/. Thompson-Jones, Mary. 251,287 Leaked Cables. To The Secretary: Leaked Embassy Cables and Americas Foreign Policy Disconnect, W.W. Norton and Company, New York, NY, 2016, pp. 24-34. Ã…Â ½iÃ…Â ¾ek, Slavoj. Good Manners in the Age of WikiLeaks. London Review of Books, Nicholas Spice, 20 Jan. 2011, www.lrb.co.uk/v33/n02/slavoj-zizek/good-manners-in-the-age-of-wikileaks.

Shakespeares Presentation of Love in a Midsummer Nights Dream Essay

Shakespeare's Presentation of Love in a Midsummer Nights Dream A midsummer nights dream was originally supposed to have been performed at a wedding. Therefore the theme of love would have been a suitable theme for the play. In this play, as in many of Shakespeare's plays the main theme is love. Shakespeare presents many different aspects of love in the play. He shows how love can affect your vision of reality and make you behave in irrational ways. He presents many ways in which your behavior is affected by the different types and aspects of love. The main types of love he presents are; true love, fake love, unrequited love, young and irrational love and platonic love. Shakespeare tries to show what kinds of trouble, problems and confusion, love can get you into. The different interpretations of love are aimed at showing what being in love could lead to. When you think that you are in love and not really, how easily emotions can be confused and changed. For example, Demetrius's love for Hermia is fake and easily changed in one night to Helena. Hermia and Helena share a platonic love between them; but Lysander, turning to loving Helena by a drop in his eyes, disrupts it. Helena and Hermia fight and feel betrayed by each other because of Lysander talking about loving Helena. Helena thinks that Hermia, Lysander and Demetrius are playing a practical joke on her. Lysander and Hermia share young, but true love. The both act irrationally. When Hermia's parents refuse to allow her to not marry Demetrius she and Lysander decide to run away together and then get married. Just just a drop in Lysander's eye disrupts their love easily. They are ... ...lay was written for a wedding but was not performed for that purpose. This could be because of the ideas he shows that could have gone wrong and how it could be false even if you think its true. Shakespeare also makes a point of how quickly situations where you think you are in love, or where here you are good friends, can changes around and prove otherwise. It would for the reasons that he shows how complicated and how false love can be, be an inappropriate theme for the play to be performed at a weeding. He could of upset the couple with his imagery and references to what trouble love can lead to. Shakespeare shows how he feels about love. The play demonstrates his perception of love by using imagery and language. He presents love as being irrational, blinding and obsessive. He shows that it can be very misleading.

Crucible Belonging Short Summaries

John Proctor -Proctor is an individual who has not put a high priority on ‘Belonging' in his life. The fact that he hates and distrusts Parris adds to this sense of not belonging: â€Å"I have trouble enough without I come five mile to hear him preach only hellfire and bloody damnation. (visual imagery related to hell) Take it to heart Mr Parris. There are many others who stay away from church these days because you hardly ever mention God anymore. † -Proctor chooses not to belong to Salem society.His sin, even when only Elizabeth knows about it, makes him uncomfortable in terms of belonging in Salem society. He says, â€Å"l cannot mount the gibbet like a saint. (metaphor) It is a fraud. I am not that man† -Proctor doesnt' belong in his own family. At the beginning of the play his sin is still having a negative influence on his relationship with his wife, Elizabeth. Proctor says: ‘Spare me! You forget nothin' and forgive nothin† Proctor uses repetitio n and alliteration to make his point to Elizabeth that she has not forgiven him. Proctor doesnt belong in the court. Danforth: ‘a person is either with this court or he must be counted against it, there be no road between' -ln the end Proctor belongs to his own values. As he chooses truth over lies. He makes peace with himself and decides to die rather than sign a false confession and have it hung on the church door. Elizabeth says, ‘He have his goodness now. God forbid I take it from him! ‘ Elizabeth's use of the personal pronoun ‘his' shows she appreciates that Proctor must judge himself. Abigail Williams Abigail is seventeen and therefore a ‘child’ in Salem society and so the only legitimate way for her to belong is to accept this status of ‘child and obey the rules. Her exclamation to Proctor- ‘How do you call me child! ‘ shows her resentment of the status of ‘child' -Abigail ‘belongs' in the sense that she finds a place, a role and power within Salem society Elizabeth immediately twigs to Abigail's real motives, as shown in her words ‘She wants me dead. I knew all week it would come to this’ -Abigail lies in order to remove Elizabeth and have Proctor belong to her.The audience shares Abigail's view shown in her words ‘I never knew what pretence Salem was' -Abigail can be seen as someone who wants to belong as a woman, but there are no socially acceptable ways for her to achieve this. In her words ‘You loved me, John Proctor, and whatever sin it is, you love me yet! ’ Abigail's repetition of the word ‘love' is an attempt to pull Proctor back into a relationship with her. Elizabeth Proctor -initially, Elizabeth belongs in Salem society as a member of a family (the Proctors) and as a respectable Christian wife.As she says, ‘I am a covenanted Christian woman’ – At the end of the play, Elizabeth is removed from belonging to Salem society . ‘Do as you will, do as you will! ‘ The repetition indicates the strength of Elizabeth's resolve to allow proctor to die if he chooses to. Reverend Hale -Reverend Hale walks into Salem as the great saviour of the community and belongs instantly. Parris greets him: ‘Mr Hale! Oh! It's good to see you again! ‘ (Happy thankful tone) -By Act 4 Hale does not belong to conventional Salem society. His conscience alienates him from the court which he denounces at the end of act 3. I denounce these proceedings! I quit this court! † Mary Warren -Mary's story is all about belonging. As a seventeen year old, she has no status or rights in adult society in Salem. Proctor tries to get Mary to act as a member of his family in order to save Elizabeth: ‘Mary, remember the angel Raphael – do that which is good’ -Mary’s fall in the court is a triumph for belonging. ‘I’ll not hang with you! I love God, I love God’ The command and repartition shows Marys choice to belong with Abigail even know she knows it is wrong.

The above statement and discuss its accuracy in relation to airspace and subterranean space Essays

The above statement and discuss its accuracy in relation to airspace and subterranean space Essays The above statement and discuss its accuracy in relation to airspace and subterranean space Essay The above statement and discuss its accuracy in relation to airspace and subterranean space Essay Essay Topic: Law The law concerning airspace and subterranean space appears to be exceptionally complex and to an extent even outdated. Sir William James attempt to clarify the law using the Latin maxim cuis est solum eius est usque ad coelum et ad inferos1 seems to have created even more legal uncertainty and appears to have done more harm than good. The maxim is now subject to vast exceptions as well as having been denounced by contemporary legal commentators and even senior judges. This essay will explore the accuracy of Sir William James judgement; it will also question the argument that the maxim is still considered the ordinary rule of law2 and will look at how modern land law has gone about dealing with the legal confusion caused by this judgement, focusing primarily on airspace and subterranean space. Firstly, in order to explain the above statement, it may be beneficial to look closely at the facts of the case in which the judgement was made (Corbett v Hill 1870)3. In brief, the case concerned the trespass of land where the claimant failed in attempting to seek an injunction to stop the defendant building a room over-looking the claimants property. After citing the maxim as being the ordinary rule of law4, Sir James admitted its exceptional level of legal ambiguity and even conceded that no doubt, [the maxim] is frequently rebutted5, especially in regards to property in towns [by] other adjoining tenements6. Thus, in relation to the accuracy of the statement, one must appreciate the case is from the 19th century; during a time when technology had not progressed as much as it has today and accordingly airborne methods of transport had not yet been invented. This meant trespassing through the higher levels of airspace would not have been an issue and consequently, detailed legislation regarding the law of airspace may not have been considered necessary at the time. Hence, it may be argued that Sir William James simply cited the maxim with the intention of it serving merely as a rough direction of law but, unaware of the rapid advancement of technology within the 21st century, and so the inventions of aeroplanes and other methods of aerial transport have subsequently required clarification within the law of airspace and have demonstrated the impracticality of applying the maxim in modern times. Inevitably, the judgement has caused vast legal uncertainty and for this reason has been at the centre of immense criticism from both legal commentators7 as well as even senior judges. The suggestion that a land owner has complete control of everything up to the sky and down to the centre of the earth is not only practically unrealistic, but also, theoretically delusional which has resulted in Sprankling8 dismissing the maxim as merely a poetic hyperbole9 suggesting its over-dramatic implications regarding a landowners rights in airspace and subterranean land. This criticism is supported by Lord Wilberforce who has openly criticized the maxims feasibility as being sweeping, unscientific and impractical10. Furthermore, its implication that land is only measureable on a two-dimensional level (in terms of its physical structure) is an argument that has been strongly dismissed by Gray and Gray (2009)11 who claim that portions of a land may be owned by several different owners and thus claim that a transfer of a merely two-dimensional plot of land would have little meaning and even less utility12. They argue that a third dimension of land should have been recognised within the maxim and should now be explicitly acknowledged by the courts as they believe it can exist as as an independent unit of real property13. Gray and Gray (2009) further criticise the maxim for being virtually worthless suggesting it holds very little, if any, legal value in the modern legal system. Hence, these strong dismissals and denunciations of the maxim by senior academics and legal professionals may be argued as representing the modern attitude towards it; suggesting its significance in modern land law is not as much as it was when cited in the 19th century or at the time of its creation. Inevitably, as a result of the vast legal ambiguity and immense criticism that the judgement has faced, a major attempt to rectify the confusion regarding airspace finally came about with the establishment of the terms the lower stratum and the upper stratum. Although these terms appeared to contradict the maxim, they created a groundbreaking change in the law of airspace by splitting airspace into two categories. The lower stratum is that which was necessary for the landowners reasonable enjoyment. In Bernstein14 it was held that determining the requirement of reasonable enjoyment15 is dependent on the type, height and size of the property. Whereas, the upper stratum is that which is above the height which is reasonably necessary for the ordinary enjoyment16. In Bernstein17, Griffiths J also stated that a landowner has no greater rights in the upper stratum than any other member of the public. This is also identically reflected with the obiter dicta of Lord Brown in Bocardo SA (2010)18 where he stated that the air is a public highway19 and if that was not true then every transcontinental flight would subject the operator to countless trespass suits. 20 Both statements appear to be valid and rational as there can be no private ownership of airspace which is entitled to the public. However, both of these statements appeared to be expressly undermined in Kelsen (1957)21 where it was held that the placing of an advertisement banner on (the upper stratum of) another persons land, although did not interfere with the defendants reasonable enjoyment, yet still constituted a trespass. This judgement can be criticised on the basis that it appears to overtly contradict the basic judgement in Bernstein and the consequently conventional principle that the upper stratum is open for the use of the public and that the landowner has no greater rights to it over any other public. However, in Liaqat v Majid22, Silber J justly diverged from the judgement in Kelsen23 and rightfully re-emphasized the principle established in Bernstein24 stating where the interference of land was at a height that did not interfere with the claimants airspace25 then it does not constitute a trespass. This principle was further re-emphasized in Manitoba and Air Canada (1978)26 in which the state of Manitoba argued that goods being sold on an aeroplane flying over Manitoba could be subjected to domestic taxing. Prima facie, it appears that if the maxim is applied retrospectively then technically Manitoba argument should be accepted, however, the maxim was again dismissed by the court and the claim failed as they emphasized the judgement in Bernstein27 that there can be no ownership of the upper stratum. The inaccuracy of the maxim is further demonstrated by the enactment of The Civil Aviation Act (1982)28. Section 76(1)29 discusses grounds for trespass30 and nuisance31 stating that no action can arise if an aircraft is flying over a property, providing it has shown consideration to the wind, weather and so long as all circumstances of the case [are] reasonable. The wording of this statute appears to be as equally ambiguous as the maxim itself in the sense that it leads to the question how would a mere bystander or a reasonable man know if an aircraft has had taken the wind and the weather into consideration and that all the circumstances of his flight are reasonable before establishing if his/her airspace had been trespassed?. Although there are exceptions for aeroplanes landing and taking off, the general rule stated in the Rules of the Air (Amendment) Regulations 200532 is that it is not permissible for an aircraft to fly any closer than 500 feet to any person, vessel, vehicle or structure. 33 Both statues have considerably clarified the confusion regarding invasion of airspace and have further demonstrated the inaccuracy of Sir James statement. Additionally, Gray and Gray (2009)34 further go on to emphasise the importance of remedies for trespass in modern land law. In particular, the rise in privacy laws such as Article 8(i) of the European Convention on Human Rights35, which give landowners the right to respect of his private and family life, his home and his correspondence36, have also had a big impact on modern land law. The question that subsequently arises is how does the law protect a landowner from invasion of his airspace or violation of his convention rights? The answer to this is damages are available on the grounds of trespass37 or nuisance38. It should be noted that trespass does not have to include damage to the property and can simply be interfering or crossing over onto another property without lawful consent. This is demonstrated in Lewvest Ltd (1982)39 where the court held that construction cranes which operated over the upper stratum40 of the claimants property constituted a trespass and thus, the defendants were required to pay damages. Prima facie, this judgement can be criticised on the basis that there was no direct or indirect damage to the claimants property as the claimant did not even suffer any physical loss but it was merely the defendant attempting to make use and benefit out of the claimants airspace. Consequently it may also be argued that the cranes were being operated on the upper stratum of the claimants property as it was out of the level of that which was necessary for the claimants reasonable enjoyment41 and so under the Bernstein principle that there is no ownership of the higher stratum. On the other hand, one can understand why the courts came about this judgement. In particular, the flood gates argument comes to mind in that, if the court held that large construction companies were able to use machinery over nearby property without facing any legal charges, this would cause an enormous influx of cases on the grounds of both trespass and nuisance. Hence, with the benefit of hindsight it appears that the judgement was valid. Similarly, there has been a substantial attempt to clarify the meaning, scope and invasion of the lower stratum through the aid of subsequent case law. Everyday scenarios such as cutting off your neighbours overhanging branches have been declared lawful however, after cutting the branches off they must be returned to the neighbour (Lemon v Webb)42. Subsequently, taking the fruits off the branch either for personal benefit or to sell them on has been declared unlawful (Mills v Brooker)43. It may be argued that all these judgements (regarding both the upper and lower stratum) have drastically moulded the modern law of airspace in an attempt to adapt to the lifestyle of the 21st century; in particular acknowledging the development of technology and airborne methods of transport. However, there still seems to be some unanswered questions which remain; for example, if a child playing football accidently kicks the ball over the fence does that encompass trespass? Alternatively, if youre next door neighbours pet comes into your garden and eats the food youve left for your pet does that include trespass? Likewise, the decision in Lemmon and Webb (date)44 appears to answer the obvious question regarding over-hanging branches, but fails to explicitly recognise or answer the somewhat un-obvious questions. For example, if someone puts their hand across the garden fence to try and cut a tree belonging to them but over-reaches onto their neighbours side of the garden; does this constitute trespass? Although, these are mere policy arguments and are not as common as the cases cited above, these scenarios should be taken into consideration by the courts and clarified before possible future cases arise and thus avert them from causing even more confusion regarding airspace. In relation to subterranean land, the maxim has caused just as much legal uncertainty and confusion as it has in regards to airspace. Although, it is certainly true in stating that a land owner has rights to land under the soil, however, the suggestion that these rights go down to the centre of the earth is equally as misleading as the suggestion his rights go up to the sky. The general rule regarding subterranean land, in particular treasure, is that if an item found fits under the definition of treasure (as defined in the Treasure Act 1996)45 then it automatically belongs to the crown. Under this definition, treasure is any object at least 300 years old with a metallic content of which at least 10% is precious metal. Subsequent case law has determined that, minerals, treasures and other inorganic substances which are found underneath the grounds of the owner all belong to landowner46. However there are exceptions regarding coal47 which has not been worked on and petroleum48; both of which belong to the Coal Authority and the Crown respectively. Gray and Gray (2009) further state that the landowner has no absolute title to the water that flows through his/her land whether it is through a channel or river. Although, in Embrey (1851) it was declared that the landowner has the right to reasonably enjoy the flow of water, however, this was later amended in John Young Co [1893] where it was held that this right only exists providing that the flow of water or its purity is not diminished for others to use. Likewise, in Fothringham (1984)49 it was held that the landowner has the right to fish in the water flowing through his land as far as he can reach by normal casting or spinning50. This was later strengthened and clarified in Nicholls[1936]51 where it was held that the landowner has the right to the fish once he/she catches and kills them they then become his/her property. As subterranean land is included within a landowners property, it is therefore possible to constitute trespass through the subterranean zone; the area beneath the land which is owned by the landowner. Subsequent case law has demonstrated various ways in which trespass of the subterranean zone have occurred including trespass via entry to a cave as demonstrated in Edwards (1930)52 or alternatively by installing sewage and draining pipe underneath the owners land without lawful consent or authorisation from the landowner as was the case in Roberts (2001). 53 Consequently, before identifying if there can be a possible claim of adverse possession, there are certain statutory and common law requirements which need to be fulfilled. These statutory requirements are listed within the Limitation Act (1980)54 which state that no action can be brought by a landowner in an attempt to recover his land after the expiration of twelve years from the date on which the right of action accrued to him, or from the date on which the right accrued to some person through whom he claims. The right of action is perceived as having accrued once a landowner has been dispossessed of his land or has discontinued use of it. In terms of airspace it is both practically and legally impossible for adverse possession of the higher stratum. This is because the higher stratum has been identified as being open for the use of the public55. Likewise, in terms of adverse possession of subterranean land, though it appears theoretically and to some extent lawfully possible however, it appears impractical and unfeasible. Moreover, in regards to classifying landowners subterranean rights including that of adverse possession, legal commentator Dr Jean Howel56 suggests that the same test that has been applied by Griffiths J in Bernstein57 should also be applied to identify ownership of subterranean land. This argument appears to be supported by the Supreme Court in Bocardo SA v Star where the court reduced damages in regards to subterranean trespass. They did so on the grounds that the defendants actions occasioned no harm whatsoever to the land and more importantly it did not interfere with Bocardos [the claimants] use or enjoyment of its land58. This judgement appears to be sensible and makes a substantial attempt to clarify the law regarding subterranean land by referencing the reasonable enjoyment of land principle established in Bernstein. However, although the principle seems to be an established precedent, it may be criticised for lacking practicality in regards to how it can be applied to subterranean land. The biggest problem being how would one classify what is reasonably necessary for enjoyment in terms of land under the ground? It is not as easy as classifying the lower and upper stratum of airspace as subterranean land is not as widely used as airspace. Hence, if Howels theory is applied, the courts will have the complex task in overtly establishing how far below the soil a landowner has rights to; with consideration to Gray and Gray (2009) who suggest that it is unlikely to be much further than 200 metres below the surface59. Furthermore, one must clearly comprehend and differentiate the fact that Spranklings commentary in Owning the Centre of the Earth60 and opinions therein reflect his thoughts on American land law which, although can be compared to Britain in some respects, cannot be applied wholly or generalised entirely to British land law .

Old ACT Scores How to Get and Use Them

Old ACT Scores How to Get and Use Them SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Did you graduate from college years ago and now a prospective employer is asking for your ACT scores? Or perhaps you took time off after high school and now have to send your ACT scores to colleges. In either case, you'll need to know how to access your old ACT scores. In this article, I'll explain how to get and use old ACT scores.I'll walk you through the process of retrieving old scores and sending score reports for any ACT tests you took long ago. Why Would You Need Old ACT Scores? Believe it or not, some employers do request standardized test scores.Most employers who look at old ACT scores arein the investment banking and consulting industries. Education and tutoring companies might also ask for your ACT scores, especially if you're applying for a job in the fun-filled world of test prep. In addition, if you took time off between high school and college, or if you left college and are now reapplying to schools, you might need to send ACT score reports to the schools you're applying to. In this case, you'll need to look at each school's website to verify whether or not you need your old ACT scores. In general, standardized test scores are not required if you graduated from high school more than five years ago. How Do You Get an Old ACT Score? There are a few ways to get your old ACT scores depending on when you took the test. If You Tested in Spring 2008 or Later ACT scores are available online from spring 2008 to the present.To view your scores online, you must have anACT account. If you registered online when you originally took the test, you already have an account and can simply log in to access your scores. If you don't have an online account, you can create one. However, you'll need to know your ACT ID number in order to access your scores. You can find your ACT ID number on your admission ticket and official ACT score report, which was sent to the high school and colleges you requested. It's an eight-digit number that begins with a dash. If you can't find your ACT ID, call ACT, Inc. to get it.Prepare as much identifying information as possible to help the agents locate your ID; this includes the following: Your full name Your test date Your home address (when you tested) Your birth date The phone number for ACT, Inc. is 319-337-1270. If You Tested Before Spring 2008 If you tested before the spring of 2008, you can't get your scores online. However, ACT, Inc. can use microfiche to find scores from as far back as the fall of 1966.If you tested before the spring of 2008, call ACT, Inc. at the number above to try to locate your scores. Again, have as much identifying information as possible on hand to help the agent find your score. You should know your test date (at least the year) and your address at the time. How to Send an ACT Score Report for an Old Test ACT scores are archived for tests taken before September 1, 2015.If a score is archived, it's not in the active file. There's anadditional $24 fee for finding and sending archived ACT score reports. Additionally, report requests for archived scores take an additional working day to process. We look at the different types of ACT score reports and required fees in more detail below. Fees for Sending ACT Score Reports As you might've guessed, fees are unfortunately higher if you're trying to send old ACT scores. Regular Reports A regular score report is always processed within one week after your request is received. ACT, Inc. delivers reports to colleges and agencies you've selected based on their preferred schedule, which is typically at least every two weeks. ACT score reports for tests taken after September 1, 2015, cost $13 per test date per report, while score reports for tests taken before September 1 cost $37 per test date per report (including a non-refundable $24 archived scores fee). Priority Reports Priority reports are typically processed within two working days after ACT, Inc. gets your request, and are delivered three to four business days later. Keep in mind that you can only send priority reports to locations within the US. Also, note that colleges that only receive reports electronically might not view priority reports any faster than they would regular ones. Priority reports for tests taken after September 1, 2015, cost $16.50 per test date per report, while priority reports for tests takenbefore September 1 cost $40.50 per test date per report (again, this includes a $24 archived scores fee). ACT Score Report Ordering Options Now that you know what types of ACT score reports you can order, how do you actually go about ordering them? You have a few options when it comes to ordering old ACT scores. Online You can make an online request for score reports through your ACT web account (which you can create if you don't have one). Note that you must pay by valid credit card. By Mail To order ACT score reports by mail, send a letter of request to ACT, Inc. at the following address: ACT Customer Care- Score Reports PO Box 451 Iowa City, IA 52243-0451 USA Your letter must include all the following information: Your full name Your fullname at the time you registered for or took the ACT (if different) Your current mailing address Your home address at the time you registered for or took the ACT (if different) Your ACT ID number Your date of birth Your phone number Test date (month and year) for which you want scores reported (include test location if you tested more than once in the same month) Valid codes and names (with city and state) for the colleges and/or scholarship agencies to which you want to send your scores Be sure to specify whether you want regular or priority reports,and include your payment in the form of check or money order payable to ACT, Inc. By Phone This service is only for priority reports, and you must pay with a valid credit card. There is also an additional $15 fee for each score report request made by phone. To send ACT priority reports via phone, call ACT, Inc. at 319-337-1270. Try to write down all the information listed above so you can everything ready when you call. Can You Compare ACT Scores From Different Years? A specific ACT composite score should roughly reflect the same percentile score and skill level from year to year. For example, a composite score of 35 today should be equivalent to a 35 in 1995. Below is a chart showing ACT percentiles over the past six testing years: Year 99th %ile 75th %ile 50th %ile 25th %ile 1st %ile 2017 34-36 24 20 16 1-11 2016 34-36 24 20 16 1-10 2015 33-36 24 20 16 1-11 2014 33-36 24 20 16 1-11 2013 33-36 24 20 16 1-11 2012 33-36 24 20 17 1-11 *Note that some scores are estimates if the exact percentile was unavailable. As you can see, the score you need on the ACT in order to get in a certain percentile hasn't changed much in recent years.You still need around a 33-36 to get in the 99th percentile, and around 24 to get in the 75th percentile. There are some fluctuations, but these are all extremely small. What this means is that you can easily compare scores from different testing years without issue. For example, if you took the ACT in 2017 and your older brother took it in 2012, you don't have to do any complicated conversions to compare your scores- you can just look at whatever ACT percentile chart is available and use that as a reference. For more information on old ACT scores and percentiles, check out our guides to scores from 2011 to 2017and scores from 2008 to 2010. You might not be able to compare apples with oranges, but you can compare old ACT scores with current ones. What's Next? For more tips, read this article onsending ACT scores to colleges. Also, learn about ACT college codes and school codes for score reports. Curious about what a good ACT score is? Check out our guide to how to set an ACT goal score. If you're aiming for a top score, you'll definitely want to learn how to score a perfect 36. Finally, take a look at this post to learn who uses ACT scores. Disappointed with your ACT scores? Want to improve your ACT score by 4+ points? Download our free guide to the top 5 strategies you need in your prep to improve your ACT score dramatically.